Review Text

Communicative purpose Review Text

• Text communicative purpose of the Review is to critique the event or artwork to your reader or listener the public, such as movies, shows, books, etc.

Generic Structure Review Text
Each type of English text (genre) has its Generic Structure which vary according to the communicative purpose to be presented to the reader. And for Generic Structure of Review Text, there are 4 sentence structure, namely:
1. Introduction
Like any type of English text (genre) to another, on the first paragraph of a review text contains an overview of the work or material will be reviewed. An overview of the work or the object could be a name, usability, and so forth.

2. Evaluation
Generic Structure In the second, Evaluation, providing a detailed description of the work or material that was reviewed, could be parts of the work or object, uniqueness and quality. But do not give much description of the work or the object, as we review the text like "teach" the prospective buyers and it's not good. Evaluation of the work or in the object as far as needed by the buyer is the most correct. The term is used in the second paragraph of its structure is not far from the word "good" or "no" works or objects. In the evaluation section, usually consisting of more than one evaluation.

3. Interpretation
In the third part, the author gives his own views on the objects. Surely phase is done after adequate evaluation of the work or goods. Often to support and strengthen the work of the author or objects, the author compares the work or the work object or a similar object. In this phase the authors wrote in the paper or what the object is worth or what the object or in the work is less valuable.

4. Summary
In this section, the author gives the reader the conclusion of the works or objects that have been reviewed. After giving an explanation on the evaluation and author own views on interpretation, the authors came to comment whether it works or not to prospective buyers.


Language Features
In Review Text, there are several characteristics of language such as the following:

• Using the present tense.
• Many use the adjective (the word carpenter) like, bad, good, valuable, etc.
• Frequent use of long clause (clause length) and complex.

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Discussion Text

Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical, historic, and social text.


1. Generic Structure Discussion Text
Simply put, the general arrangement of the discussion text is divided into 3 sections.
1) Issue (issue)
2) Arguments (Opinion)

• Points Supporting (Opinion in Support)
• Contrasting Points (The Contrary Opinion)

3) Conclusion / Recommendation (Conclusion / Suggestion)

Issue (Major Problems)
This issue contains the issue will be further discussed. If you want to write a text of this discussion, it helps to choose a topic of controversial issues so that you'll have a lot of arguments, good arguments in favor of or argument to the contrary. For example, the subject matter "Students Should Not Take mobile phones so as not to interfere with teaching and learning in schools".

Supporting Points (Opinion in Support)
At the points supporting this, we are required to elaborate further on the description of the problem we are discussing. If the Issue contains problems such as in the example above issue, then you have to explain in more detail about HP that could interfere with teaching and learning activities in schools.

Contrasting Points (The Contrary Opinion)
On the contrasting these points, it is good we give a different opinion with supporting points. If HP is considered a negative effect on students, then this section we shall give an opinion on the benefits of HP for students. For example, by giving the argument that HP could facilitate students in finding information on the Internet about the subjects being discussed.

Recommendation / Conclusion (Suggestions / Conclusion)
In this section, we try to take the middle ground on the issue being discussed so that the conclusions we draw no longer bring new problems. For example, in the HP above, we can give suggestions / conclusions by writing schools allow students to bring HP's origin is not activated when the teaching and learning taking place.


2. Language Feature Discussion Text
Introducing category or generic participant

• Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc.
• Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc.
• Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc.
• Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc.

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Explanation Text

Explanation text (text explanation) is a text that contains the processes associated with natural phenomena, social, science, culture and more. An Explanation text is usually derived from the corresponding author questions 'why' and 'how' of a phenomenon.


Communicative purpose Explanation Text

• Explanation communicative purpose of the text is to explain the processes that occur in the formation or activity associated with natural phenomena, social, scientific, cultural, and others aimed at explaining.

Generic structure Explanation Text
There are three sections in the Text Explanation sentence structure, namely:
1. A general statement
In a general statement contains a general explanation of the phenomenon that will be discussed, this phenomenon could be the introduction or explanation.

2. A squenced of explanation
A squenced of explanation contains an explanation of why the phenomenon may occur or be created. A squenced of explanation in the form of answers to the question 'why' and 'how' the author when making an Explanation text. In squenced of explanation may consist of more than one paragraph.

3. Closing
Actually closing was not listed in the generic structure of the Explanation text, but most people assume that the last paragraph of the Explanation text is closing, but it is part of squenced of explanation that contains the final steps described in the section squenced of explanation.


Language features Explanation Text
In a text explanation, there are linguistic traits as below, namely:

• Using simple present tense
• Using abstract noun (nouns that appear)
• Passive voice
• Using Action verbs

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Hortatory Exposition

Purpose
To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case


Text Organization
• Thesis

• Arguments

• Recommendations


Language Features
• The use of emotive words
(e.g.: alarmed, worried)

• The use of words that qualify statements
(e.g.: usual, probably)

• The use of words that link arguments
(e.g.: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore)

• The use of present tense

• The use of compound and complex sentences

• The use of modal and adverbs
(e.g.: can, may, certainly, get, stop)

• The use of subjective opinions using pronouns I and we

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Spoof Text

Purpose
To tell an event with a humorous twist


Text Organization
• Orientation
(who were involved in the story, when, and where)

• Events
(tell what happened in chronological order)

• Twist
(provide the funniest part of the story)


Language Features
• The use of action verbs
(e.g.: walked, laughed, ran away)

• The use of connectives
(e.g.: first, then, finally)

• The use of adverbial phrases of time and place
(e.g.: in the garden, two days ago)

• The use of the simple past tense
(e.g.: He walked away from the village)

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Analytical Exposition

Purpose
• To persuade by presenting arguments

• To analyze or explain ‘how’ and ‘why’


Text Organization
• A thesis

• Arguments

• Reiteration


Language Features
• Emotive words
(e.g.: alarmed, worried)

• Words that qualify statements
(e.g.: usual, probably)

• Words that link arguments
(e.g.: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore)

• The use of the present tense

• The use of compound and complex sentences

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Reports Text

Purpose
To describe the way things are such as a man – made thing, animals, and plant


Text Organization
• General classification
(Introduce the topic of the report such as the class or sub-class)

• Identification
(give the shape/form , parts , behavior , habitat , way of survival)


Language Features
• The use of general nouns
(e.g.: Komodoes, computers, orchids)

• The use of relating verbs
(e.g.: Is , are, has)

• The use of present tenses
(e.g.: Komodo dragons usually weight more than 160 kg)

• The use of behavior verbs
(e.g.: Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)

• The use of technical terms
(e.g.: Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)

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News Item

Purpose
To inform readers, listeners, or viewers about event of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.


Text Organization
• Newsworthy events
(tells the event in a summary form)

• Background events
(elaborates what happened, explains what caused the incident)

• Sources
(comments by participants, witnesses, authorities, and experts involved in the event)


Language Features
• Information on the use of headlines

• The use of action verbs
(e.g.: Hit, Attack, Curb)

• The use of saying verbs
(e.g.: Added, Claimed)

• The use of passive sentences
(e.g.: Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)

• The use of adverbs in passive sentences
(e.g.: The victims were badly injured)

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Descriptive Text

Purpose
To describe a particular person/thing


Text Organization
• Identification
(mention the name, occupation, profession, and career)

• Description
(mention the physical features the way he/she dresses and his/her personality)


Language Features
• The use of adjectives and compound adjective
e.g.:
~ Debby is brown-skinned
~ Debby looks attractive and beautiful

• The use of linking verbs
e.g.:
~ She always appears young
~ Debby is a model from Surabaya

• The use of attributive has and have

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Procedure Text

Purpose
To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.


Text Organization
• Goal
(the final purpose of doing the instructions)

• Materials
(ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)

• Steps
(a set of instructions to achieve the final purpose)


Language Features
• Use of imperatives
(e.g.: Cut, Don’t Mix)

• Use of action verbs
(e.g.: Turn, Put, Mix)

• Use of connectives
(e.g.: First, Then, Finally)

• Use of adverbial phrases
(e.g.: For five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)

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Narrative Text

Purpose
To amuse or entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experiences in difference ways. Narratives always deal with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem


Text Organization
• Orientation
(who / where involved in the story, when and where)

• Complication
(a problem arises followed by other problems)

• Resolution
(solution to the problem


Language Features
• The use of noun phrases
(A beautiful princess, a huge temple)

• The use of connectives
(First, before that, then, finally)

• The use of adverbial phrases of time and place
(In the garden, Two days ago)

• The use of simple past tense
(He walked away from the village)

• The use of action verbs
(Walk, Sleep, Wake Up)

• The use of saying verbs
(Say, tell, ask)

• The use of thinking verbs, feeling verbs, verbs of senses
(She felt hungry, She thought she was cleaver, She smelt something burning.)

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Recount Text

Purpose

• To tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events

Text Organization

Personal Recounts
• Orientation
(who / where involved in the story when and where)

• Events
(tell what happened in a chronological order)

• Evaluation
(comments of the writer/speaker about the experience)

• Re-orientation / Optional
(the conclusion of the experience)


Factual Recounts
• Orientation
(who / where involved in the story when and where)

• Events
(tell what happened in a chronological order)


Language Features

• The use of nouns and pronouns
(e.g.: David, We, His)

• The use of action verbs
(e.g.: Went, Spent, Played)

• The use of Past Tenses
(e.g.: We went for a trip to the zoo)

• The use of time conjunction
(e.g.: And, But, After, Finally)

• The use of adverbs and adverbs of phrases
(e.g.: In my house, todays ago slowly, cheerfully)

• Adjectives (beautiful, sunny)

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